Risk indicators of dental caries in 5-year-old Brazilian children.

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence and severity of dental caries and to identify caries risk indicators among gender, clinical and socioeconomic variables in 5-year-old children attending preschools in Piracicaba, Brazil, in 2005. METHOD: The random sample consisted of 728 subjects attending public and private preschools that were examined by a calibrated dentist. Dental caries was measured using WHO criteria. The socioeconomic variables (type of school, monthly family income, number of people living in the household, parents' educational level and home ownership) were collected by means of a parental semi structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean dmft was 1.30 (SD=2.47); 62.2% were caries-free. The multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the risk indicators of caries were father's incomplete college education and presence of initial lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental caries in 5-year-old preschool attenders in Piracicaba was moderate, and father's educational status below undergraduate level, as well as presence of initial lesions, were risk indicators of the disease.

Frequency of dystrophic muscle abnormalities in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia: analysis of 86 patients.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports describing the coexistence of dystrophic features with those typical of mitochondrial myopathies in muscle biopsy. A recent study suggested that dystrophic features are frequent in patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) with a high mutation load, but the actual frequency of these abnormalities in CPEO remains undetermined. OBJECTIVE: To review the occurrence of dystrophic abnormalities in a large series of patients with CPEO to assess the frequency of such abnormalities and to verify whether they are correlated with specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. METHODS: Retrospective survey of case series (86 patients with CPEO). RESULTS: Only three cases with dystrophic abnormalities were found: two with a large scale mtDNA deletion and one with the A3251G mutation. All three patients showed predominantly proximal muscular weakness resembling limb girdle muscular dystrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Dystrophic abnormalities are rare in CPEO and are not correlated with a specific molecular defect.

The exercise test as a monitor of disease status in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate exercise test responses in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP), to determine its value as a diagnostic tool and the factors that could affect the responses. METHODS: 22 subjects were studied from two families with HPP caused by R528H mutation, four patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, 15 normal controls, and four controls with hyperthyroidism. All family members were submitted to clinical evaluation, electrophysiological exercise testing, and DNA analysis. Patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis had exercise tests before and after treatment of their hyperthyroidism. RESULTS: Abnormal responses to the exercise tests were obtained only in subjects with recent attacks of weakness. They were not correlated with genotype, as asymptomatic carriers were unaffected. Patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis showed pronounced impairment while they were hyperthyroid, but improved when they were euthyroid. One patient with HPP and chronic KCl use had an increase in amplitude potentials over approximately 20 minutes, possibly related to alteration of potassium homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise test is a useful diagnostic test for periodic paralysis, but in the absence of recent weakness negative results must be viewed with caution. It has advantages over the DNA test in being a non-invasive functional test that can provide insights into abnormalities of muscle excitability.

A novel myopathy-associated mitochondrial DNA mutation altering the conserved size of the tRNA(Gln) anticodon loop.

We report a novel mitochondrial DNA alteration in a 12-year-old boy with myopathy. We identified a single nucleotide insertion (an adenine) in the mitochondrial tRNA-glutamine gene. This addition of an additional adenine in a polyadenine stretch (at mitochondrial DNA positions 4366-4369), alters the length of the evolutionary conserved anticodon loop from seven to eight bases. The nt-4370 addition was heteroplasmic and was abundant in the patient's muscle. Lower proportions of mutated mitochondrial DNA were observed in skin fibroblasts, but were below detectable levels in white blood cells. A muscle biopsy of the patient showed ragged red fibers and an unusually high percentage of cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibers (89%). The pathogenicity of the mutation was also evident by the fact that fibers harboring lower levels of the mutation showed normal cytochrome c oxidase activity. The insertion in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Gln) gene identified in our patient may provide a unique tool to study protein synthesis in human mitochondria.

Duplication and triplication with staggered breakpoints in human mitochondrial DNA.

We identified a tandem duplication and triplication of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segment in the muscle of a 57-year-old man with no evidence of a neuromuscular disorder. A large triplication of a mtDNA coding region has not been previously reported in humans. Furthermore, the rearrangements (comprising 10-12% of the muscle mtDNA pool in the propositus) were unique because the breakpoints were staggered at both ends (between mtDNA positions 3263-3272 and 16,065-16,076) and contained no identifiable direct repeats. Both sides of the breakpoint were located approximately 35 bp downstream of regions that undergo frequent strand displacement by either transcription (positions 3263-3272) or replication (positions 16,065-16,076), suggesting that topological changes generated by the movement of RNA/DNA polymerases may be associated with the genesis of a subclass of mtDNA rearrangements. The presence of low levels of these rearrangements in other normal adults also suggest that these mutations are not rare. The characterization of these rearrangements shed light on potential alternative mechanisms for the genesis of mtDNA rearrangements.

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and hypoparathyroidism associated with a duplication and a deletion of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid.

Diabetes mellitus is the most frequent endocrinopathy associated with mitochondrial disorders, particularly in patients with duplications of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Although hypoparathyroidism has also been described in mitochondrial diseases, there have been few molecular studies in these cases, most of which identified the presence of single mtDNA deletions in the patients' tissues. We studied muscle DNA of a 12-yr-old patient with incomplete Kearns-Sayre syndrome and hypoparathyroidism. Southern analysis showed that muscle DNA contained three populations of mtDNA: wild type (26%), deleted (65%), and duplicated (9%). To determine the sequence of the breakpoint region from deleted and duplicated mtDNA independently, we isolated the deleted and duplicated mtDNA by gel fractionation of a PstI-digested total DNA. The breakpoint was located at mtDNA positions 5788 and 15,448 for both duplicated and deleted molecules. Our study reinforces the concept that endocrinopathies other than diabetes can be associated with a duplication of mtDNA and gives additional support to the hypothesis that the duplication and deletion of mtDNA are generated from the same recombination event.

Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction does not increase the rate of accumulation of age-related mtDNA deletions in skeletal muscle.

Several reports described an age-related accumulation of a particular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion ('common deletion') in post-mitotic tissues. These findings led to the hypothesis that free radicals generated inside the mitochondria could damage mtDNA during a normal life span. The impaired electron transfer function resulting from mtDNA damage would increase the production of free radicals creating a vicious cycle. If this vicious cycle is an important player in the somatic accumulation of mtDNA deletions, patients with impaired oxidative phosphorylation (regardless of the primary defect) should have an accelerated accumulation of mtDNA deletions. We tested this hypothesis by performing three analyses: (a) comparing the amounts of the mtDNA 'common deletion' in normal controls and patients with genetically characterized mitochondrial disorders associated with pathogenic mtDNA point mutations or deletions other than the common deletion; (b) analyzing the co-segregation of the age-related mtDNA common deletion with a pathogenic mtDNA point mutation; and (c) by the detection of multiple mtDNA deletions by long PCR in controls and patients with mitochondrial disorders. We observed a positive correlation between age and common deletion levels in controls (r = 0.80) and patients (r = 0.69). The slopes of the curves were similar, suggesting that the rate of accumulation of the age-related common deletion was the same in both groups. We could not find a co-segregation of the pathogenic point mutated mtDNA molecules with the common deletion nor increased number of age-related deletions in patients. Our data do not support the hypothesis that a vicious cycle (damage to mtDNA would affect the respiratory function, leading to the generation of more free radicals, which in turn would provoke additional mtDNA damage) is an important factor in the accumulation of age-related mtDNA deletions.

Mitochondrial DNA defects in Brazilian patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.

We report herein on eleven Brazilian patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions, found among thirteen patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and ragged-red fibers (RRF). The molecular data was correlated with the morphological and clinical findings. The muscle biopsies were studied by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and DNA analysis. Muscle mtDNA deletions were mapped and quantitated by Southern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Of the eleven patients, ten had CPEO without multisystemic involvement and one had Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Three patients had multiple deletions, two of them with no apparent family history. Eight patients showed heteroplasmic single deletions, ranging in length from 2309 to 7566 bp; three of them had the same 'common deletion' of 4977 bp. The proportion of deleted mtDNA ranged from 14 to 89%. Immunohistochemical studies revealed decreased reactivity with the mtDNA-encoded subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in all patients, but preserved activity with the nuclear-encoded COX subunit IV in COX-deficient fibers. Two cases presented a few COX-negative fibers with reduced COX IV immunostaining. We found a high frequency of mtDNA deletions in Brazilian patients with CPEO. There was no correlation between clinical severity, morphological findings and the size or amount of the mutated mtDNA in muscle, suggesting that there are still unknown factors influencing the disease phenotype.

Detection and analysis of mitochondrial DNA deletions by whole genome PCR.

Southern blot analysis has been the best method available for the screening and detection of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements. Recent developments in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology allowed the amplification of the whole mitochondrial genome (16.6 kb), making PCR a potentially useful technique for the detection of mtDNA deletions. We tested the usefulness of whole mitochondrial genome PCR by studying skeletal muscle DNA from seven patients with single and multiple deletions and controls from ages 3 to 91 years old. Specific patterns for single and multiple deletions were obtained with whole genome PCR, which were confirmed by the Southern analysis with probes hybridizing to mtDNA sequences. Amplifications from young controls (3 to 23 years old) yielded only one band (16.5 kh) while amplification from older controls revealed one or more additional smaller bands. The amplification from the 91-year-old control showed a pattern similar to amplifications from patients with multiple mtDNA deletions. Although single and multiple mtDNA deletions could be readily detected from patient samples, the high sensitivity of this method can lead to false positive results due to the presence of age-related deletions in old control samples. Despite its limitations, whole mitochondrial genome PCR can be useful for the detection of single deletions in muscle samples obtained from young individuals since the levels of age-related deletions are too low to be amplified.

Phenotype-genotype correlations in skeletal muscle of patients with mtDNA deletions.

Large-scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been associated with a subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, usually characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and mitochondrial proliferation in muscle fibers. We and others have shown that muscle from patients with mtDNA deletions have variable cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency and reduction of mitochondrially-synthesized polypeptides in affected muscle fibers. The present work summarizes the phenotype-genotype correlations observed in patients' muscle. In situ hybridization revealed that, while most COX-deficient fibers had increased levels of mutant mtDNA, they almost invariably had reduced levels of normal mtDNA. PCR quantitation of both deleted and wild-type mtDNAs in normal and respiration-deficient muscle fibers from patients with the "common deletion" showed that deleted mtDNAs were present in normal fibers (31 +/- 26%), but their percentages were much higher in affected fibers (95% +/- 2%). Absolute levels of deleted mtDNA were also increased in affected fibers, whereas absolute levels of wild-type mtDNA were significantly reduced. Taken together, our results suggest that although a specific ratio between mutant and wild-type mitochondrial genomes is probably the major determinant of the respiratory chain deficiency associated with mtDNA deletions, the reduction in the absolute amounts of wild-type mtDNA may also play a significant pathogenetic role.

[Periodic paralysis. Clinical analysis in 20 patients]. / Paralisia periódica. Análise clínica de 20 pacientes.

Twenty patients with periodic paralysis were evaluated and the aspects studied included epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, ancillary tests, treatment and evolution. Sixteen patients had the hypokalemic form (5 familiar, 5 sporadic, 5 thyrotoxic and 1 secondary). No patient with the normokalemic form was detected. Predominance of men was found (14 patients), especially in the cases with hyperthyroidism (5 patients). No thyrotoxic patient was of oriental origin. Only 4 patients had the hyperkalemic form (3 familiar, 1 sporadic). Attacks of paralysis began during the first decade in the hyperkalemic form and up to the third decade in the hypokalemic. In both forms the attacks occurred preferentially in the morning with rest after exercise being the most important precipitating factor. Seventy five percent of the hyperkalemic patients referred brief attacks (< 12 hours). Longer attacks were referred by 43% of the hypokalemic patients. The majority of the attacks manifested with a generalized weakness mainly in legs, and its frequency was variable. Creatinokinase was evaluated in 10 patients and 8 of them had levels that varied from 1.1 to 5 times normal. Electromyography was done in 6 patients and myotonic phenomenon was the only abnormality detected in 2 patients. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, especially acetazolamide, were used for prophylactic treatment in 9 patients with good results in all. Although periodic paralysis may be considered a benign disease we found respiratory distress in 5 patients, permanent myopathy in 1, electrocardiographic abnormalities during crises in 4; death during paralysis occurred in 2. Therefore correct diagnosis and immediate treatment are crucial. This study shows that hyperthyroidism is an important cause of periodic paralysis in our country, even in non oriental patients. Hence endocrine investigation is mandatory since this kind of periodic paralysis will only be abated after return to the euthyroid state.

[Distal renal tubular acidosis presenting with rhabdomyolysis]. / Acidose tubular renal distal manifestando-se com rabdomiólise.

Severe hypokalemia is an uncommon cause of rhabdomyolysis. We describe a patient, 28-year-old woman, with distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) who developed severe hypokalemia and rhabdomyolysis. Muscle biopsy shows focal muscular necrosis mainly in type II muscle fibers and mild macrophagic reaction. After correcting the acidosis with oral administration of alkalinizing salts, clinical and laboratory improvement was seen. This clearly establish a causal relationship between the positive acid balance, hypokalemia and the muscular manifestation in DRTA.

[Periodic paralysis: anatomo-pathological study of skeletal muscles in 14 patients]. / Paralisia periódica estudo anátomo-patológico do músculo esquelético de 14 pacientes.

Periodic paralysis is a rare disease, characterized by transient weakness associated with abnormal levels of serum potassium. Muscle biopsy may show a wide range of abnormalities, vacuoles being more specifically linked to the disease. We analysed 17 muscle biopsies from 14 patients with periodic paralysis (14 hypokalemic, 2 hyperkalemic). All of them showed at least one histological abnormality. Fourteen specimens showed vacuoles that were peripheral, single, frequent and preferentially found in type I fibers. Frequency or severity of attacks did not correlate with the presence of vacuoles but those were more easily found in patients with long term disease. Ten biopsies showed tubular aggregates, specially on the patients with frequent crises or long term disease. A second biopsy was done in three patients and in two we observed a worsening of the histopathologic picture. One patient manifested interictal weakness with evident myopathic changes on the muscle biopsy. Nonspecific changes were found in variable degrees in 15 biopsies. Our study shows that vacuoles and tubular aggregates are frequent changes in periodic paralysis and therefore helpful for the diagnosis. Important myopathic findings in the muscle biopsy suggest a permanent myopathy which probably develops after severe crises or long term disease.

Isolated and painless infraspinatus atrophy in top-level volleyball players. Report of two cases and review of the literature.

Isolated and painless infraspinatus atrophy and weakness are described in two top-level volleyball players. EMG revealed isolated denervation of the infraspinatus muscle. One athlete continued playing and his clinical features have not changed. The other recovered her muscle bulk and strength after stopping playing. These findings were attributed to intense activity of the shoulder joint, without any direct trauma. On clinical grounds, we did not consider these cases as true examples of entrapment neuropathy. Pathogenesis was related to traction of the distal branch of the suprascapular nerve during the act of reception of the ball ("Manchete").

A microcomputer-based data acquisition system for continuous recording of feeding and drinking by rats.

A monitoring system to continuously record the daily pattern of drinking and eating of rats is described. This system, based on a North Star microcomputer, can record the amount of food ingested with a temporal resolution of +/- 1.0 second and quantitative accuracy within +/- 5%. Drinking behavior is detected using a drinkometer which also has a temporal resolution of +/- 1.0 second. Data are analyzed by computer to determine absolute amounts of consumption and patterns of intake. The patterns of feeding and drinking recorded by this system are similar to those observed using other monitoring devices.